Answer
Check what Oracle Database version each environment is actually running — this has been traced to a real bug in Oracle 19c affecting document-content search indexing, which is why an environment still on Oracle 12 can work fine while an otherwise-identically-configured Oracle 19c environment silently fails. Resolving it required applying a specific set of Oracle-level patches (in one confirmed case, a consolidated patch bundling several individual Oracle bug fixes related to index-sync processing and CTXCAT trigger handling) rather than anything configurable within IFS itself. If you hit this specifically on Oracle 19c, raise it with Oracle/your DBA team (and IFS Support) to get the current recommended patch set for this known issue, rather than assuming it's an IFS configuration or Search Domain setup problem.