Answer
This is a permission-set grant gap on that specific environment, not a code or configuration difference in the screen itself. In New Permission Set, search Database Objects for IS_VALID_CONSENT_BY_KEYS, open the matching item in the tree, and explicitly RMB > Grant it to the EU role in question. Make sure the user's permission set assignment actually includes that role, then refresh the security cache and have the user log out and back in — the error clears once that specific database object grant is present on the role in that environment.