Answer
This is very likely a request-size limit in WebLogic being exceeded — a user belonging to a large number of AD groups (especially with SID history) produces an unusually large security token/header, which can exceed WebLogic's default request-line or header-size limits and get silently rejected before it's even logged as a login attempt. Increase the 'Limit Request Field Size' and 'Limit Request Line' settings: on Apps10, this is configured directly in the IFS Middleware Server Admin Console; on Apps9, the equivalent change has to be made through the installer tool during a reconfiguration instead.