Answer
Yes, provided the original Update 17 delivery files are still available — create a new, separate delivery folder and copy just the database subfolder from that original Update 17 delivery into it. Run the installer's Reconfiguration/Update option pointed at this new folder, checking only 'Deploy database files', along with import of language, reports, and Connect items, on the database-update screen, leaving everything related to the application-server tier unchecked. This reapplies only the database-side changes needed to bring the refreshed database back in line with the already-updated application server, without needing to reinstall or re-update the application server tier itself.