Answer
The built-in REST_Common_Callback procedure needs to be called with a specific, complete argument list (including a key reference and the requesting FND user, alongside the result and application-message ID) in order to correctly forward the response through to your actual custom callback function — a mismatch or missing argument in that specific call is what produces the wrong-number-of-arguments error; passing the full expected argument set resolves it and lets the response reach your own callback logic correctly.