Answer
Clear the contents of two client-side folders under that user's profile: C:\Users\<user_id>\AppData\Local\Apps\2.0 and C:\Users\<user_id>\AppData\Local\IsolatedStorage. This has resolved a similar language-initialization crash on IEE startup in at least one case (on an older release), and is worth trying before escalating further, since it clears out stale ClickOnce/isolated-storage state that can otherwise interfere with the client's language-initialization step.